Title
Analysis of nine NSAIDs in ungulate tissues available to critically endangered vultures in India
Author(s)
Taggart M.A., Senacha K.R., Green R.E., Cuthbert R., Jhala Y.V., Meharg A.A., Mateo R., Pain D.J.
Published
2009
Publisher
Environmental Science & Technology
Abstract
In 2006, India, Pakistan, and Nepal banned the manufacture of veterinary formulations of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac. This action was taken to halt the unprecedented decline of three Gyps vulture species that were being poisoned by diclofenac residues commonly present in carcasses of domestic livestock upon which they scavenged. To assess the affect of this ban and evaluate residue prevelances of other NSAIDs, we present a method to detect diclofenac and eight more NSAIDs by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and apply this to 1488 liver samples from carcasses of livestock taken across seven Indian states. Diclofenac was present in 11.1% of samples taken between April and December 2006, and meloxicam (4%), ibuprofen (0.6%), and ketoprofen (0.5%) were also detected. Although meloxicam is safe for a range of avian scavengers, including Gyps vultures, data regarding the safety of other NSAIDs is currently limited. If wild Gyps on the Indian subcontinent are to survive, diclofenac bans must be completely effective, and NSAIDs that replace it within the veterinary drug market must be of low toxicity toward Gyps and other scavenging birds. © 2009 American Chemical Society.
Keywords
Critically endangered; Diclofenac; Ketoprofen; Liquid chromatography-Mass spectrometry; Low toxicity; Meloxicam; Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Pakistan; Veterinary drugs; Chromatographic analysis; Drug products; Gypsum; Liquid chromatography; Mass spectrometry; Plants (botany); Agriculture; acetylsalicylic acid; carprofen; diclofenac; dipyrone; flunixin; ibuprofen; indometacin; ketoprofen; meloxicam; naproxen; nimesulide; nonsteroid antiinflammatory agent; phenylbutazone; salicylic acid; disease control; drug development; endangered species; market development; scavenging (feeding); species conservation; ungulate; animal experiment; animal tissue; article; carcass; domestic animal; drug safety; electrospray mass spectrometry; endangered species; gipsy; India; liquid chromatography; livestock; Nepal; nonhuman; Pakistan; prevalence; ungulate; wild animal; Asia; Eurasia; India; South Asia; Aves; Gyps; Ungulata
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PUB11894