Title
Self-recognition in an Asian elephant
Author(s)
Plotnik J.M., De Waal F.B.M., Reiss D.
Published
2006
Publisher
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Abstract
Considered an indicator of self-awareness, mirror self-recognition (MSR) has long seemed limited to humans and apes. In both phylogeny and human ontogeny, MSR is thought to correlate with higher forms of empathy and altruistic behavior. Apart from humans and apes, dolphins and elephants are also known for such capacities. After the recent discovery of MSR in dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), elephants thus were the next logical candidate species. We exposed three Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to a large mirror to investigate their responses. Animals that possess MSR typically progress through four stages of behavior when facing a mirror: (i) social responses, (ii) physical inspection (e.g., looking behind the mirror), (iii) repetitive mirror-testing behavior, and (iv) realization of seeing themselves. Visible marks and invisible shammarks were applied to the elephants' heads to test whether they would pass the litmus "mark test" for MSR in which an individual spontaneously uses a mirror to touch an otherwise imperceptible mark on its own body. Here, we report a successful MSR elephant study and report striking parallels in the progression of responses to mirrors among apes, dolphins, and elephants. These parallels suggest convergent cognitive evolution most likely related to complex sociality and cooperation. © 2006 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA.
Keywords
adolescent; altruism; animal behavior; animal experiment; ape; article; cognition; dolphin; elephant; empathy; female; nonhuman; ontogeny; phylogeny; priority journal; recognition; self concept; social behavior; Animals; Asia; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Elephants; Female; Photic Stimulation; Animalia; Elephantidae; Elephas maximus; Tursiops truncatus
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