The status of the world's land and marine mammals: diversity, threat, and knowledge

Schipper, J.; Chanson, J.S.; Chiozza, F.; Cox, N.A.; Hoffmann, M.; Katariya, V.; Lamoreux, J.; Rodrigues, A.S.L.; Stuart, S.N.; Temple, H.J.; Baillie, J.; Boitani, L.; Lacher Jr., T.E.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Smith, A.T.; Absolon, D.; Aguiar, J.M.; Amori, G.; Bakkour, N.; Baldi, R.; Berridge, R.J.; Bielby, J.; Black, P.A.; Blanc, J.J.; Brooks, T.M.; Burton, J.A.; Butynski, T.M.; Catullo, G.; Chapman, R.; Cokeliss, Z.; Collen, B.; Conroy, J.; Cooke, J.G.; Da Fonseca, G.A.B.; Derocher, A.E.; Dublin, H.T.; Duckworth, J.W.; Emmons, L.; Emslie, R.H.; Festa-Bianchet, M.; Foster, M.; Foster, S.; Garshelis, D.L.; Gates, C.; Gimenez-Dixon, M.; Gonzalez, S.; Gonzalez-Maya, J.F.; Good, T.C.; Hammerson, G.; Hammond, P.S.; Happold, D.; Happold, M.; Hare, J.; Harris, R.B.; Hawkins, C.E.; Haywood, M.; Heaney, L.R.; Hedges, S.; Helgen, K.M.; Hilton-Taylor, C.; Hussain, S.A.; Ishii, N.; Jefferson, T.A.; Jenkins, R.K.B.; Johnston, C.H.; Keith, M.; Kingdon, J.; Knox, D.H.; Kovacs, K.M.; Langhammer, P.; Leus, K.; Lewison, R.; Lichtenstein, G.; Lowry, L.F.; Macavoy, Z.; Mace, G.M.; Mallon, D.P.; Masi, M.; McKnight, M.W.; Medellin, R.A.; Medici, P.; Mills, G.; Moehlman, P.D.; Molur, S.; Mora, A.; Nowell, K.; Oates, J.F.; Olech, W.; Oliver, W.R.L.; Oprea, M.; Patterson, B.D.; Perrin, W.F.; Polidoro, B.A.; Pollock, C.; Powel, A.; Protas, Y.; Racey, P.; Ragle, J.; Ramani, P.; Rathbun, G.; Reeves, R.R.; Reilly, S.B.; Reynolds III, J.E.; Rondinini, C.; Rosell-Ambal, R.G.; Rulli, M.; Rylands, A.B.; Savini, S.; Schank, C.J.; Sechrest, W.; Self-Sullivan, C.; Shoemaker, A.; Sillero-Zubiri, C.; De Silva, N.; Smith, D.E.; Srinivasulu, C.; Stephenson, P.J.; Van Strien, N.; Talukdar, B.K.; Taylor, B.L.; Timmins, R.; Tirira, D.G.; Tognelli, M.F.; Tsytsulina, K.; Veiga, L.M.; Vie, J.-C.; Williamson, E.A.; Wyatt, S.A.; Xie, Y.; Young, B.E.

doi:10.1126/science.1165115

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Title
The status of the world's land and marine mammals: diversity, threat, and knowledge

Author(s)
Schipper, J.; Chanson, J.S.; Chiozza, F.; Cox, N.A.; Hoffmann, M.; Katariya, V.; Lamoreux, J.; Rodrigues, A.S.L.; Stuart, S.N.; Temple, H.J.; Baillie, J.; Boitani, L.; Lacher Jr., T.E.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Smith, A.T.; Absolon, D.; Aguiar, J.M.; Amori, G.; Bakkour, N.; Baldi, R.; Berridge, R.J.; Bielby, J.; Black, P.A.; Blanc, J.J.; Brooks, T.M.; Burton, J.A.; Butynski, T.M.; Catullo, G.; Chapman, R.; Cokeliss, Z.; Collen, B.; Conroy, J.; Cooke, J.G.; Da Fonseca, G.A.B.; Derocher, A.E.; Dublin, H.T.; Duckworth, J.W.; Emmons, L.; Emslie, R.H.; Festa-Bianchet, M.; Foster, M.; Foster, S.; Garshelis, D.L.; Gates, C.; Gimenez-Dixon, M.; Gonzalez, S.; Gonzalez-Maya, J.F.; Good, T.C.; Hammerson, G.; Hammond, P.S.; Happold, D.; Happold, M.; Hare, J.; Harris, R.B.; Hawkins, C.E.; Haywood, M.; Heaney, L.R.; Hedges, S.; Helgen, K.M.; Hilton-Taylor, C.; Hussain, S.A.; Ishii, N.; Jefferson, T.A.; Jenkins, R.K.B.; Johnston, C.H.; Keith, M.; Kingdon, J.; Knox, D.H.; Kovacs, K.M.; Langhammer, P.; Leus, K.; Lewison, R.; Lichtenstein, G.; Lowry, L.F.; Macavoy, Z.; Mace, G.M.; Mallon, D.P.; Masi, M.; McKnight, M.W.; Medellin, R.A.; Medici, P.; Mills, G.; Moehlman, P.D.; Molur, S.; Mora, A.; Nowell, K.; Oates, J.F.; Olech, W.; Oliver, W.R.L.; Oprea, M.; Patterson, B.D.; Perrin, W.F.; Polidoro, B.A.; Pollock, C.; Powel, A.; Protas, Y.; Racey, P.; Ragle, J.; Ramani, P.; Rathbun, G.; Reeves, R.R.; Reilly, S.B.; Reynolds III, J.E.; Rondinini, C.; Rosell-Ambal, R.G.; Rulli, M.; Rylands, A.B.; Savini, S.; Schank, C.J.; Sechrest, W.; Self-Sullivan, C.; Shoemaker, A.; Sillero-Zubiri, C.; De Silva, N.; Smith, D.E.; Srinivasulu, C.; Stephenson, P.J.; Van Strien, N.; Talukdar, B.K.; Taylor, B.L.; Timmins, R.; Tirira, D.G.; Tognelli, M.F.; Tsytsulina, K.; Veiga, L.M.; Vie, J.-C.; Williamson, E.A.; Wyatt, S.A.; Xie, Y.; Young, B.E.

Published
2008

Publisher
Science

Published Version DOI
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1165115

Abstract
Knowledge of mammalian diversity is still surprisingly disparate, both regionally and taxonomically. Here, we present a comprehensive assessment of the conservation status and distribution of the world's mammals. Data, compiled by 1700+ experts, cover all 5487 species, including marine mammals. Global macroecological patterns are very different for land and marine species but suggest common mechanisms driving diversity and endemism across systems. Compared with land species, threat levels are higher among marine mammals, driven by different processes (accidental mortality and pollution, rather than habitat loss), and are spatially distinct (peaking in northern oceans, rather than in Southeast Asia). Marine mammals are also disproportionately poorly known. These data are made freely available to support further scientific developments and conservation action.

Keywords
comparative study; conservation status; endemism; macroecology; mammal; population distribution; species conservation; species diversity; article; biodiversity; evolutionary adaptation; genetic conservation; geographic distribution; habitat; mammal; marine species; mortality; nonhuman; phylogeny; priority journal; Southeast Asia; species comparison; species extinction; taxonomic identification; taxonomy; terrestrial species; Animals; Biodiversity; Body Size; Conservation of Natural Resources; Databases, Factual; Ecosystem; Extinction, Biological; Mammals; Marine Biology; Phylogeny; Population Dynamics; Seawater; Mammalia

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